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NPA and Its Recovery


NPA – Non Performing Assets

If the status of NPAs in banks is not controlled, banks can become bankrupt. The entire credit distribution structure of the economy can be destructed and the country could be in a major financial turmoil.

Know About NPA – An asset (loan), including a leased asset, becomes non performing when it stops generating income for the bank.

Note: Once the borrower has failed to make interest or principle payments for 90 days the loan is considered to be a non-performing asset. It had been decided to adopt the ’90 days’ overdue’ norm for identification of NPA, from the year ending March 31, 2004.

 

NPAs can be classified in three categories:

Sub_standard AssetsWith effect from March 31, 2005, a substandard asset would be one, which has remained NPA for a period less than or equal to 12 months.

Doubtful Assets: With effect from March 31, 2005, an asset would be classified as doubtful if it has remained in the sub_standard category for a period of 12 months.

Loss Assets – A loss asset is one where loss has been identified by the bank or internal or external auditors or the RBI inspection but the amount has not been written off wholly. In other words, such an asset is considered uncollectible and of such little value that its continuance as a bankable asset is not warranted although there may be some rescue or recovery value.

 

Reasons for Occurrence of NPAs

NPAs can be termed as “Bad Loans” or defaults. It is the failure to meet financial obligations, non-payment of a loan installment. These loans can occur due to the following reasons:

(i) Normal banking operations

(ii) Bad lending practices

(iii) Incremental component (due to internal bank management, like credit policy, terms of credit, etc…)

(iv) Competition banks are enormously selling unsecured loans

The Problems caused by NPAs: NPAs do not just reflect badly in a bank’s account books, they adversely impact the national economy.

 

Following are some of the impacts of NPAs:

1. Depositors do not get rightful returns and many times may lose uninsured deposits. Banks may begin charging higher interest rates on some products to compensate Non-performing loan losses

2. Bank shareholders are adversely affected

3. Bad loans imply redirecting of funds from good projects to bad ones. Hence, the economy suffers due to loss of good projects and failure of bad investments

4. When bank do not get loan repayment or interest payments, liquidity problems may ensue.

 

Result of NPAs on an organization

1. Decrease profitability.

2. Reduce capital assets and lending limits.

3. Increase loan loss reserves.

 

How to reduce NPA? – Non Performing Assets can be reduced by taking some major steps by the banks. Some steps are as follows by which bank can reduce NPA –

 

1. SARFAESI ACT 2002

The Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 (SARFAESI) empowers Banks / Financial Institutions to recover their non-performing assets without the intervention of the Court.

The Act provides three alternative methods for recovery of non-performing assets, namely: –

i. Securitisation

ii. Asset Reconstruction

iii. Enforcement of Security without the intervention of the Court.

The provisions of this Act are applicable only for NPA loans with outstanding above Rs. 1.00 lac. NPA loan accounts where the amount is less than 20% of the principal and interest are not eligible to be dealt with under this Act.

Non-performing assets should be backed by securities charged to the Bank by way of hypothecation or mortgage or assignment. Security Interest by way of Lien, pledge, hire purchase and lease not liable for attachment under sec.60 of CPC, are not covered under this Act

 

The Act empowers the Bank:

(i.) To issue demand notice to the defaulting borrower and guarantor, calling upon them to discharge their dues in full within 60 days from the date of the notice.

(ii.) To give notice to any person who has acquired any of the secured assets from the borrower to surrender the same to the Bank.

(iii.) To ask any debtor of the borrower to pay any sum due or becoming due to the borrower.

(iv.) Any Security Interest created over Agricultural Land cannot be proceeded with.

If on receipt of demand notice, the borrower makes any representation or raises any objection, authorised officer shall consider such representation or objection carefully and if he comes to the conclusion that such representation or objection is not acceptable or tenable, he shall communicate the reasons for non acceptance WITHIN ONE WEEK of receipt of such representation or objection.

A borrower / guarantor aggrieved by the action of the Bank can file an appeal with DRT and then with DRAT, but not with any civil court. The borrower / guarantor has to deposit 50% of the dues before an appeal with DRAT.

If the borrower fails to comply with the notice, the Bank may take recourse to one or more of the following measures:

(i) Take possession of the security

(ii) Sale or lease or assign the right over the security

(iii) Manage the same or appoint any person to manage the same

 

2. Lok Adalats: Lok Adalat is for the recovery of small loans. According to RBI guidelines issued in 2001, they cover NPA up to Rs. 5 lakhs, both suit filed and non-suit filed are covered.

 

3. Compromise Settlement: It is a scheme which provides a simple mechanism for recovery of NPA. It is applied to advances below Rs. 10 Crores.

 

4. Credit Information Bureau: A Credit Information Bureau help banks by maintaining a data of an individual defaulter and provides this information to all banks so that they may avoid lending to him/her.

 

5. DEBT RECOVERY TRIBUNALS: The debt recovery tribunal act was passed by Indian Parliament in 1993 with the objective of facilitating the banks and financial institutions for speedy recovery of dues in cases where the loan amount is Rs. 10 lakhs and above.

 

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WHAT ARE NPA?

Generally speaking, NPA is any asset of a bank which is not producing any income.

In other words, a loan or lease that is not meeting its stated principal and interest payments.

On a bank’s balance sheet, loans made to customers are listed as assets. The biggest risk to a bank is when customers who take out loans stop making their payments, causing the value of the loan assets to decline.

Criteria

Loans don’t go bad right away. Most loans allow customers a certain grace period. Then they are marked overdue. After a certain number of days, the loan is classified as a nonperforming loan.

Banks usually classify as nonperforming assets any commercial loans which are more than 90 days overdue and any consumer loans which are more than 180 days overdue.

For agricultural loans, if the interest and/or the installment or principal remains overdue for two harvest seasons; it is declared as NPAs. But, this period should not exceed two years. After two years any unpaid loan/installment will be classified as NPA.

 

Categories

1. Sub-standard: When the NPAs have aged <= 12 months.

2. Doubtful: When the NPAs have aged > 12 months.

3. Loss assets: When the bank or its auditors have identified the loss, but it has not been written off.

 

After a certain amount of time, a bank will try to recoup its money by foreclosing on the property that secures the loan. The way money is recouped is a highly contentious issue not just with banks but also with Micro-Finance Institutions (MFIs). We will discuss it later in the article.

 

All of this can be explained in a much more technical manner, but that is not required here. For example, we do not need to list all the conditions that make the banks declare an asset as NPAs like ” In respect of derivative transactions, the overdue receivables representing positive mark-to-market value of a derivative contract, if these remain unpaid for a period of 90 days from the specified due date for payment.”

Only understanding the basic concepts will suffice. UPSC is not going to ask you these details, but about the impact and solutions of NPAs. Even in prelims, these details will not be asked. So we avoid technicalities and jargons here. It is not useful for a GS paper, even if some of it may be useful for Economics optional paper.

 

EXTENT OF NPAs

Gross NPAs of domestic banks jumped to 4.2 % of total lending by the end of September 2013 from 3.6 % six months before, according to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

As per a recent warning by the RBI, bad loans (NPAs) could climb to 7% of total advances by 2015.

In absolute terms, gross NPAs are estimated to touch Rs 2.50 lakh crores by the end of March this year. This is equal to the size of the budget of Uttar Pradesh. The biggest chunk of the soured debts is with state-run banks (Public sector banks or PSBs), which account for two-thirds of loans but 80 % of the bad assets.

This is how the NPA curve has been moving in the recent years, as per a news report in the Business Standard:

Private-sector and foreign lenders are better placed. Their NPAs in proportion of their lending is lesser than that of the PSBs.

 

WHY IT MATTERS?

The higher is the amount of non-performing assets (NPAs), the weaker will be the bank’s revenue stream.

In the short-term, many banks have the ability to handle an increase in nonperforming assets — they might have strong reserves or other capital that can be used to offset the losses. But after a while, if that capital is used up, nonperforming loans will imperil a bank’s health. Think of nonperforming assets as dead weight on the balance sheet.

Here is the impact of the NPAs:

  • As the NPA of the banks will rise, it will bring a scarcity of funds in the Indian security markets. Few banks will be willing to lend if they are not sure of the recovery of their money.
  • The shareholders of the banks will lose a lot of money as banks themselves will find it tough to survive in the market.
  • This will lead to a crisis of confidence in the market. The price of loans, i.e. the interest rates will shoot up badly. Shooting of interest rates will directly impact the investors who wish to take loans for setting up infrastructural, industrial projects etc.
  • It will also impact the retail consumers like us, who will have to shell out a higher interest rate for a loan.
  • All of this will lead to a situation of low off take of funds from the security market. This will hurt the overall demand in the Indian economy. And, finally it will lead to lower growth rates and of course higher inflation because of the higher cost of capital.
  • This trend may continue in a vicious circle and deepen the crisis.
  • Total NPAs have touched figures close to the size of UP budget. Imagine if all the NPA was recovered, how well it can augur for the Indian economy.

RBI governor Raghuram Rajan has recently said that NPAs must be curbed before the problem becomes alarming.

WHY SUCH A SITUATION?

The rising incidence of NPAs has been generally attributed to the domestic economic slowdown. It is believed that with economic growth slowing down and rate of interest going up sharply, corporates have been finding it difficult to repay loans, and it has added up to rising NPAs. Even finance minister P Chidambaram stated that bad loans are a function of the economy and hence, having bad loans during distressed times is very natural.

However, The NPA mess is not entirely because of the reversal of economic cycles.

Here we look at the other reasons behind this mess. Basically the whole problem can be divided into two parts – External problems and internal problems as faced by the banks.

 

External Factors
REASONS RELATED TO THE CORPORATE SECTOR
  1. Apart from the slowdown in India, the global economy has also slowed down.

    This has adversely impacted the corporate sector in India. Continuing uncertainty in the global markets has lead to lower exports of various products like textiles, engineering goods, leather, gems etc. It can be noted that imports and exports combined equal to around 40% of India’s GDP!

    A hurt corporate sector is finding it difficult to pay loans

  2. The ban in mining projects, delay in environmental related permits affecting power, iron and steel sector, volatility in prices of raw material and the shortage in availability of power have all impacted the performance of the corporate sector. This has affected their ability to pay back loans.

     

    OTHER SECTORS

    Banks in India are highly regulated. Priority sector lending (PSL) is one of these regulations which require the banks to give a certain % of their loans to certain sections of society. These are farmers, SCs, STs, IT parks, MSMEs etc.

    Naturally one would assume that the weaker sections covered under PSL are the ones to be blamed for the situation. However, it is not the case.

    As per recent news reports, the Standing Committee on Finance will be now examining the reasons for high NPAS in PSBs.

    The data, shared with the Standing Committee, shows that NPAs in the corporate sector are far higher than those in the priority or agriculture sector.

    Within the priority sector, incremental NPAs were more in respect to micro small and medium enterprises followed by agriculture.

However, even the PSL sector has contributed substantially to the NPAs.

As per the latest estimates by the SBI, education loans constitute 20% of its NPAs!

The sluggish legal system (Judiciary in India) and lack of systematic and constant efforts by the banks make it difficult to recover these loans from both corporate and non-corporate.

 

Internal Factors

 

1. Indiscriminate lending by some state-owned banks during the high growth period (2004-08) is one of the main reasons for the deterioration in asset quality.

 

2. Bankers say there is a lack of rigour in loan appraisal systems and monitoring of warning signals at state-run banks. This is particularly true in case of infrastructure projects, many of which are struggling to repay loans. Besides, these projects go on for 20 to 30 years.

 

3. Poor recovery and use of coercive techniques by banks in recovering loans

 

4. The wait and watch approach of banks have been often blamed as the reason for rising NPAs as banks allow deteriorating asset class to go from bad to worse in the hope of revival and often offer restructuring option to  corporates.

A Parliamentary panel, examining increasing incidents of NPAs, has observed that state-owned banks should stop “ever-greening” or repeated restructuring of corporate debt to check the constant bulging of their non-performing assets. Members of the panel were of the view that NPAs are the result of bad economic situation, but there were also management issue of every-greening of loans, which could be avoided by “not renewing loans, particularly of corporate”.

 

Therefore, it can be clearly seen that it is only the economic slowdown that is behind the NPAs. There are a whole range of factors.

 

WAY OUT

The simplest approach to cut down NPAs is to recover the bad loans.

Apart from the regular guidelines released by the RBI, to strengthen further the recovery of dues by banks and financial institutions, Government of India promulgated:

1.The Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993

2. The Securitization Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (SARFAESI) Act, 2002.

So, how can the banks legally recover their loans?

 

(i)     The Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (SARFAESI) Act, 2002 – The Act empowers Banks / Financial Institutions to recover their non-performing assets without the intervention of the Court, through acquiring and disposing of the secured assets in NPA accounts with outstanding amount of Rs. 1 lakh and above. The banks have to first issue a notice. Then, on the borrower’s failure to repay, they can:

  • Take possession of security and/or
  • Take over the management of the borrowing concern.
  • Appoint a person to manage the concern.

 

(ii) Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions (DRT) Act: The Act provides setting up of Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRTs) and Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunals (DRATs) for expeditious and exclusive disposal of suits filed by banks / FIs for recovery of their dues in NPA accounts with outstanding amount of Rs. 10 lac and above.  Government has, so far, set up 33 DRTs and 5 DRATs all over the country.

 

(iii) Lok Adalats:  Section 89 of the Civil Procedure Code provides resolution of disputes through ADR methods such as Arbitration, Conciliation, Lok Adalats and Mediation. Lok Adalat mechanism offers expeditious, in-expensive and mutually acceptable way of settlement of disputes.

Government has advised the public sector banks to utilize this mechanism to its fullest potential for recovery in Non-performing Assets (NPAs) cases.

Among the various channels of recovery available to banks for dealing with bad loans, the SARFAESI Act and the Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRTs) have been the most effective in terms of amount recovered.

The recent controversy surrounding loan recovery in India – Views of the SC

Banks have been alleged to engage in coercive practices to recover the loans. Recently, there have been some judicial pronouncements by the apex court determining the scope of powers of enforcement of securities without the intervention of the courts, by the banks and FIs under the SARFAESI Act. The apex court has reiterated the need to protect the interest of borrowers, and emphasized that the exercise of extraordinary powers of recovery, by banks and FIs must be in compliance with the provisions of the SARFAESI Act.

 

As per the Supreme Court (SC) – “”Liquidity of finances and flow of money is essential for any healthy and growth oriented economy. But certainly, what must be kept in mind is that the law should not be in derogation of the rights which are guaranteed to the people under the Constitution. The procedure should also be fair, reasonable and valid, though it may vary looking to the different situations needed to be tackled and object sought to be achieved.”

 

But, these are steps which cure the disease of NPAs. “The issue of NPAs needs to be tackled at the level of prevention rather than cure.”

Therefore, the steps that can prevent the piling up of NPAs are as follows:

 

1. CONSERVATISM:

Banks need to be more conservative in granting loans to sectors that have traditionally found to be contributors in NPAs. Infrastructure sector is one such example. NPAs rise predominantly because of long gestation period of the projects. Therefore, the infrastructure sector, instead of getting loans from the banks can be funded from Infrastructure Debt Funds (IDFs) or other specialized funds for infrastructural development in the country.

 

2. IMPROVING PROCESSES:

The credit sanctioning process of banks needs to go much more beyond the traditional analysis of financial statements and analyzing the history of promoters. For example, banks rely more on the information given by credit bureaus. However, it is often noticed that several defaults by some corporate are not registered in their credit history.

 

3. RELYING LESS ON RESTRUCTURING THE LOANS:


Instead of sitting and waiting for a loan to turn to a bad loan, and then restructure it, the banks may officially start to work to recover such a loan. This will obviate the need to restructure a loan and several issues associated with it. One estimate says that by 2013 there will be Rs 2 trillion worth of restructured loans.

 

4. EXPANDING AND DIVERSIFYING CONSUMER BASE BY INNOVATIVE BUSINESS MODELS:

Contrary to popular perceptions,the NPA in non-corporate sector is less than that in the corporate sector. Hence, there is a need to reach out to people in remote areas lacking connectivity and accessibility. More and more poor people in rural pockets should be brought under the banking system by adopting new technologies and electronic means. Innovative business models will play a crucial role here. Otherwise, the NPAs may increase instead of decreasing.

As said by the new M.D. of SBI, Mr. Viswanathan proposed ideas such as a single demat account for all investments and credit cards for school students (above class 8th) to make them aware with the banking system.

 

CONCLUSION

Looking at the giant size of the banking industry, there can be hardly any doubt that the menace of NPAs needs to be curbed. It poses a big threat to the macro-economic stability of the Indian economy. An analysis of the present situation brings us to the point that the problem is multi-faceted and has roots in economic slowdown; deteriorating business climate in India; shortages in the legal system; and the operational shortcoming of the banks. Therefore, it has to be dealt at multiple levels. The government can’t be expected to rescue the state-run banks with tax-payer’s money every time they fall into a crisis. But, the kind of attention with which this problem has been received by policymakers and bankers alike is a big ray of hope. Right steps, timely and concerted actions and a revival of the Indian economy will put a lid on NPAs. Prevention, however, has to become a priority than mere cure

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